Key Insights
The Performance and Goal Management (PGM) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for enhanced employee productivity and organizational efficiency. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a significant upward trajectory. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the widespread adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, appealing to businesses of all sizes. Secondly, the rising demand for data-driven insights into employee performance is pushing organizations to adopt sophisticated PGM software that provides real-time analytics and performance tracking. Furthermore, the evolving nature of work, including remote and hybrid work models, necessitates more agile and adaptable performance management systems. This shift necessitates tools that can effectively track goals and provide feedback across geographically dispersed teams. Key players like Oracle, SAP, UKG, Workday, and ServiceNow are shaping the market with their comprehensive solutions, driving innovation through features such as AI-powered goal setting, automated feedback mechanisms, and integrated talent management capabilities.
The market segmentation within PGM is broad, encompassing solutions tailored to specific industries and organizational needs. While precise segment breakdowns are unavailable, it's likely that sectors like technology, finance, and healthcare represent significant market shares due to their emphasis on performance-based rewards and continuous improvement. However, the market faces certain challenges, including the initial cost of implementation and integration with existing HR systems. Furthermore, ensuring user adoption and effective data management require careful planning and employee training. Despite these hurdles, the long-term outlook for the PGM market remains highly positive, projected to continue its robust growth through 2033, driven by ongoing technological advancements and the persistent need for organizations to optimize their workforce performance. We estimate the 2025 market size to be around $8 Billion based on a logical extrapolation of the provided CAGR and considering comparable market segments.

Performance and Goal Management Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Performance and Goal Management Market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional dominance, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The report covers the period 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base year and forecast extending to 2033. The study delves into the parent market of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and the child market of Workforce Management software, providing a granular understanding of this evolving sector. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033.
Performance and Goal Management Market Dynamics & Structure
The Performance and Goal Management market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape with key players holding significant market share. Technological innovation, particularly in areas like AI and machine learning for performance analytics, is a primary driver. Regulatory frameworks concerning data privacy and compliance significantly impact market operations. The market faces competition from alternative performance management methodologies and tools. End-user demographics reveal a growing preference for cloud-based solutions and integrated platforms across diverse industries. The M&A activity has been significant, with several notable acquisitions driving consolidation.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 10 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2024.
- Technological Innovation: AI-powered analytics, automation, and integration with existing HR and ERP systems are key drivers.
- Regulatory Framework: GDPR, CCPA, and other data privacy regulations influence solution development and adoption.
- Competitive Substitutes: Traditional performance review methods and spreadsheets pose a competitive challenge.
- End-User Demographics: Shift towards cloud-based solutions and demand for mobile accessibility.
- M&A Trends: Significant M&A activity in recent years, fueled by consolidation and expansion into adjacent markets. Approximately xx deals closed between 2019 and 2024.
Performance and Goal Management Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Performance and Goal Management market has witnessed consistent growth over the historical period (2019-2024). This growth is fueled by increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions, the need for improved workforce productivity, and the rise of data-driven decision-making. The market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, with a CAGR of xx% projected during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is largely driven by the increasing adoption of these systems across SMEs and large enterprises. The shift towards remote work and hybrid models also contributes significantly to the demand. Technological disruptions, such as the integration of AI and machine learning, are further enhancing the capabilities of performance management systems, accelerating adoption rates.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Performance and Goal Management Market
North America currently dominates the Performance and Goal Management market, driven by high technology adoption rates, established businesses, and strong investments in digital transformation. Europe follows closely, with a significant presence of mature markets and a growing focus on employee engagement and productivity. Asia-Pacific is exhibiting strong growth potential due to increasing digitization and economic expansion. Specific drivers for each region include:
- North America: High technology adoption, strong emphasis on employee performance, and substantial investments in HR technology.
- Europe: Growing awareness of the importance of performance management and employee engagement, and the presence of established businesses.
- Asia-Pacific: Rapid economic growth, increasing digitization, and a burgeoning focus on enhancing workforce productivity.
Market share and growth potential are analyzed for each region, providing specific insights into market dynamics.
Performance and Goal Management Market Product Landscape
The Performance and Goal Management market offers a range of solutions, from standalone systems to integrated platforms. These solutions typically encompass performance reviews, goal setting, talent management, and performance analytics. Key features include customizable dashboards, real-time performance tracking, and integration with other HR systems. Recent innovations include AI-powered performance predictions and automated feedback mechanisms, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. The market is witnessing a gradual shift towards cloud-based, subscription models.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Performance and Goal Management Market
Key Drivers:
- Increasing need for improved workforce productivity and employee engagement.
- Growing adoption of cloud-based solutions and mobile accessibility.
- Rising demand for data-driven insights for better decision-making.
- Technological advancements, such as AI and machine learning.
Key Challenges & Restraints:
- High implementation costs and the complexity of integrating with existing systems.
- Data security and privacy concerns associated with sensitive employee data.
- Resistance to change and adoption of new technologies among employees and managers.
- Competition from legacy systems and alternative performance management tools. The competitive landscape is intensifying, reducing the average profit margin by approximately xx% in the last 2 years.
Emerging Opportunities in Performance and Goal Management Market
- Expansion into untapped markets, particularly in developing economies.
- Development of AI-powered solutions with predictive analytics and automated insights.
- Integration with emerging technologies like VR/AR for enhanced employee training and development.
- Increased focus on employee well-being and mental health within performance management systems.
Growth Accelerators in the Performance and Goal Management Market Industry
Long-term growth in the Performance and Goal Management market will be fueled by continuous technological innovation, strategic partnerships between HR tech providers and consulting firms, and the expanding adoption of cloud-based solutions. Strategic market expansion into new geographical regions, and a focus on delivering personalized solutions will further accelerate growth.
Key Players Shaping the Performance and Goal Management Market Market
- Oracle
- SAP
- Unit
- IBM Corporation
- UKG Inc
- ServiceNow
- Cornerstone
- Workday Inc
- Anaplan Inc
- Planful
- List Not Exhaustive
Notable Milestones in Performance and Goal Management Market Sector
- March 2022: IBM introduced new solutions with Flexera and IBM Turbonomic Application Resource Management (ARM) to streamline IT asset management, improving efficiency and reducing costs for enterprises.
- March 2022: SAP SE acquired a majority stake in Taulia, expanding its business network and strengthening its working capital management solutions.
- November 2022: UKG Inc acquired Quorbit, enhancing its long-term workforce planning capabilities, particularly for frontline and hourly employees.
In-Depth Performance and Goal Management Market Outlook
The future of the Performance and Goal Management market looks promising, driven by the continuous need for improved workforce productivity, enhanced employee experience, and data-driven decision-making. The market is poised for significant growth, driven by technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and expanding adoption across various industries and regions. Companies that focus on innovation, integration, and personalized solutions will be best positioned to capture market share and achieve long-term success.
Performance and Goal Management Market Segmentation
-
1. BY TYPE
- 1.1. Cloud Based
- 1.2. On-premises
-
2. End-User
- 2.1. BFSI
- 2.2. Health Care
- 2.3. Transportation
- 2.4. IT and Telecom
- 2.5. Retail Sector
- 2.6. Other End-Users
Performance and Goal Management Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Latin America
- 5. Middle East and Africa

Performance and Goal Management Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 12.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1 Market is Fueled by the Innovation in Information Technology due to Growth of Mobile Apps
- 3.2.2 Analytics and Focus on Team-Centric Management by the Organisations; Innovation of Cloud Storage as Many Vendors have Integrated their Performance Management Software with Cloud which is Easier for Implementation for the Organisations
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1 Market is Fueled by the Innovation in Information Technology due to Growth of Mobile Apps
- 3.3.2 Analytics and Focus on Team-Centric Management by the Organisations; Innovation of Cloud Storage as Many Vendors have Integrated their Performance Management Software with Cloud which is Easier for Implementation for the Organisations
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growing Demand for Cloud Technology
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 5.1.1. Cloud Based
- 5.1.2. On-premises
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 5.2.1. BFSI
- 5.2.2. Health Care
- 5.2.3. Transportation
- 5.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 5.2.5. Retail Sector
- 5.2.6. Other End-Users
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. Europe
- 5.3.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.4. Latin America
- 5.3.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 6. North America Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 6.1.1. Cloud Based
- 6.1.2. On-premises
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 6.2.1. BFSI
- 6.2.2. Health Care
- 6.2.3. Transportation
- 6.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 6.2.5. Retail Sector
- 6.2.6. Other End-Users
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 7. Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 7.1.1. Cloud Based
- 7.1.2. On-premises
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 7.2.1. BFSI
- 7.2.2. Health Care
- 7.2.3. Transportation
- 7.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 7.2.5. Retail Sector
- 7.2.6. Other End-Users
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 8. Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 8.1.1. Cloud Based
- 8.1.2. On-premises
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 8.2.1. BFSI
- 8.2.2. Health Care
- 8.2.3. Transportation
- 8.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 8.2.5. Retail Sector
- 8.2.6. Other End-Users
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 9. Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 9.1.1. Cloud Based
- 9.1.2. On-premises
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 9.2.1. BFSI
- 9.2.2. Health Care
- 9.2.3. Transportation
- 9.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 9.2.5. Retail Sector
- 9.2.6. Other End-Users
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 10. Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 10.1.1. Cloud Based
- 10.1.2. On-premises
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 10.2.1. BFSI
- 10.2.2. Health Care
- 10.2.3. Transportation
- 10.2.4. IT and Telecom
- 10.2.5. Retail Sector
- 10.2.6. Other End-Users
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by BY TYPE
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Oracle
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 SAP
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 Unit
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 IBM Corporation
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 UKG Inc
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 ServiceNow
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Cornerstone
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Workday Inc
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 Anaplan Inc
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 Planful*List Not Exhaustive
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Oracle
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Asia Pacific Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Latin America Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by BY TYPE 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by End-User 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Middle East and Africa Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by BY TYPE 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Performance and Goal Management Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Performance and Goal Management Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 12.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Performance and Goal Management Market?
Key companies in the market include Oracle, SAP, Unit, IBM Corporation, UKG Inc, ServiceNow, Cornerstone, Workday Inc, Anaplan Inc, Planful*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the Performance and Goal Management Market?
The market segments include BY TYPE , End-User.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Market is Fueled by the Innovation in Information Technology due to Growth of Mobile Apps. Analytics and Focus on Team-Centric Management by the Organisations; Innovation of Cloud Storage as Many Vendors have Integrated their Performance Management Software with Cloud which is Easier for Implementation for the Organisations.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growing Demand for Cloud Technology.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Market is Fueled by the Innovation in Information Technology due to Growth of Mobile Apps. Analytics and Focus on Team-Centric Management by the Organisations; Innovation of Cloud Storage as Many Vendors have Integrated their Performance Management Software with Cloud which is Easier for Implementation for the Organisations.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
March 2022: IBM introduced new solutions with Flexera and IBM Turbonomic Application Resource Management (ARM) to assist enterprises in using automation to streamline IT asset management. The new technologies are designed to help organizations cut expenses while automating the increasingly complicated responsibilities of software licensing compliance and optimization.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Performance and Goal Management Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Performance and Goal Management Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Performance and Goal Management Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Performance and Goal Management Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence