Key Insights
The Indonesian Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) market exhibits robust growth, projected to reach a substantial market size by 2033, driven by a 5% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) from 2025. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The burgeoning e-commerce sector in Indonesia is a primary driver, with increasing online shopping fueling demand for reliable and efficient delivery services. The rise of mobile commerce and digital payments further accelerates this trend. Furthermore, the diversification of end-user industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and financial services, contributes to market growth. The market is segmented by shipment weight (heavy, light, medium), mode of transport (air, road, others), and delivery speed (express, non-express). The dominance of B2C shipments reflects the strong consumer base driving the market, although B2B segment growth is anticipated to increase in line with business expansion and supply chain optimization. Domestic shipments currently constitute a larger share of the market but the international segment is showing significant potential for future growth as Indonesian businesses expand globally and international e-commerce penetration increases. Competition among major players like PT Pos Indonesia, J&T Express, and international giants such as DHL and FedEx is intense, prompting innovation in logistics and service offerings.
Despite the positive outlook, challenges exist. Infrastructure limitations, particularly in remote areas, could hinder delivery efficiency and increase costs. Fluctuations in fuel prices and regulatory changes could also impact profitability. The market's success hinges on overcoming these constraints through strategic investments in infrastructure, technology, and workforce development. The increasing demand for faster and more reliable delivery options, coupled with the evolving needs of various industries, creates opportunities for innovation within the CEP sector, driving further market expansion. The ability of companies to offer competitive pricing, reliable service, and advanced tracking capabilities will be critical to success.
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Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) market, covering the period 2019-2033. It delves into market size, growth trends, key players, and emerging opportunities, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategists. The report leverages extensive data and analysis to forecast future market trends and identify key growth drivers. With a focus on both the parent market (Logistics) and child market (CEP), this report provides a granular understanding of this rapidly evolving sector.
Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Dynamics & Structure
The Indonesian CEP market is characterized by a fragmented landscape with a mix of domestic and international players. Market concentration is moderate, with a few dominant players alongside numerous smaller, regional operators. Technological innovation, driven by e-commerce growth and the increasing adoption of digital logistics solutions, is a major force shaping the market. Government regulations, focused on improving logistics infrastructure and streamlining delivery processes, also play a significant role. Competitive product substitutes, such as same-day delivery services and specialized logistics providers, are emerging, adding to the competitive intensity. The end-user demographics are diverse, encompassing businesses of all sizes and a rapidly growing consumer base with high online shopping penetration. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been relatively high in recent years, with larger players consolidating their market share.
- Market Concentration: Moderate, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2024.
- Technological Innovation: High adoption of mobile apps, tracking systems, and automation technologies. Barriers include high initial investment costs and digital literacy gaps.
- Regulatory Framework: Government initiatives focused on infrastructure development and easing regulations are fostering growth.
- Competitive Substitutes: Same-day delivery services and specialized niche logistics providers are emerging.
- End-User Demographics: Diverse, including B2B, B2C, and C2C segments; significant growth driven by the burgeoning e-commerce sector.
- M&A Activity: xx deals recorded between 2019 and 2024, mostly involving consolidation among smaller players.
Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Indonesian CEP market has experienced significant growth over the past few years, driven primarily by the rapid expansion of e-commerce. The market size has grown from xx million units in 2019 to xx million units in 2024, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx%. This growth is projected to continue, with the market expected to reach xx million units by 2025 and xx million units by 2033. The adoption rate of online delivery services has increased significantly, fueled by increasing smartphone penetration, rising internet access, and a growing preference for convenient home delivery. Technological disruptions, including the widespread adoption of mobile apps for tracking and booking deliveries, have significantly improved the efficiency and convenience of the CEP market. Shifts in consumer behavior, such as the increasing demand for faster and more reliable delivery options, are also driving market growth. Market penetration is expected to increase further due to growing demand in less-developed areas of Indonesia.
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Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market
The B2C segment currently dominates the Indonesian CEP market, driven by the explosive growth of e-commerce. Major cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung experience the highest demand due to concentrated population and business activity. Growth is fueled by several factors:
- Economic Growth: Indonesia’s robust economic growth boosts purchasing power and consumer spending.
- E-commerce Expansion: The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms fuels significant parcel volume.
- Smartphone Penetration: High smartphone penetration and internet access drive online shopping adoption.
- Improved Infrastructure: Investments in roads, airports, and logistics facilities enhance delivery efficiency.
- Government Policies: Supportive government policies, including ease of doing business initiatives, are promoting logistics development.
The domestic market currently holds the largest share, however, the international segment is predicted to experience faster growth, driven by increasing cross-border e-commerce activity. Lightweight shipments currently account for the largest segment due to the high volumes of e-commerce packages. Road transportation remains the dominant mode of transport due to its extensive network and lower cost compared to air freight.
Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Product Landscape
The Indonesian CEP market offers a range of services, from standard courier services to express delivery options and specialized solutions for various industries. Product innovation focuses on improving speed, reliability, and traceability. Real-time tracking, automated sorting systems, and last-mile delivery optimization are key technological advancements that enhance service quality. Unique selling propositions often involve faster delivery times, wider service coverage, or specialized handling for fragile or high-value goods. These are further enhanced by integrating technology for customer service, delivery management, and efficient routing.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market
Key Drivers:
- The rapid growth of e-commerce is the primary driver.
- Increasing smartphone and internet penetration enhances accessibility.
- Government initiatives to improve infrastructure and logistics support the industry.
Key Challenges & Restraints:
- Indonesia's vast and geographically diverse landscape poses logistical challenges.
- Maintaining efficient last-mile delivery in remote areas remains a significant hurdle.
- Competition among numerous players leads to price wars and margin compression.
- Regulatory hurdles and bureaucratic processes can slow down operations.
Emerging Opportunities in Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market
Untapped markets in rural areas and the expansion of cold chain logistics for perishable goods represent major opportunities. The adoption of drone delivery in less accessible regions could significantly improve efficiency. The growing demand for specialized services, such as same-day delivery, and environmentally friendly logistics solutions also presents promising avenues. The rising popularity of C2C e-commerce, enabled by peer-to-peer delivery platforms, will continue to grow.
Growth Accelerators in the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Industry
Technological advancements, such as AI-powered route optimization and autonomous delivery vehicles, will significantly enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Strategic partnerships between CEP providers and e-commerce platforms will streamline delivery processes and boost market growth. Expansion into underserved regions and the development of specialized logistics solutions for various industries will unlock new revenue streams and accelerate market expansion.
Key Players Shaping the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Market
- PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
- SAP Express
- United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS)
- PT Synergy First Logistics
- PT SiCepat Express Indonesia
- DHL Group
- J&T Express
- Grab Holdings Limited
- PT Lion Express
- PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) TBK
- FedEx
- PT Repex Wahana (RPX)
- PT Citra Van Titipan Kilat
- PT Globalindo Dua Satu Express (21 Express)
- PT ID Express Logistik Indonesia
- PT Jalur Nugraha Ekakurir (JNE Express)
- PT Yapindo Transportama (PCP Express)
- PT Pandu Siwi Group (Pandu Logistics)
- PT Kereta Api Indonesia
- Ninja Logistics
Notable Milestones in Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Sector
- August 2023: SiCepat Ekspres partnered with Droper, expanding its drop-off points to 7,775 locations. This significantly improves accessibility and convenience for customers.
- July 2023: RPX launched the RPX Superapp, a comprehensive goods delivery application enhancing customer convenience and business efficiency. This directly addresses market needs for integrated logistics solutions.
- March 2023: UPS partnered with Google Cloud, enhancing package tracking efficiency through RFID technology. This improves operational efficiency and enhances service quality.
In-Depth Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Market Outlook
The Indonesian CEP market is poised for continued robust growth, driven by sustained e-commerce expansion, improving logistics infrastructure, and technological advancements. Strategic partnerships, innovative service offerings, and expansion into untapped markets will be crucial for success. Companies that effectively leverage technology, optimize delivery networks, and cater to evolving consumer preferences will be well-positioned to capture significant market share in the years to come. The market is expected to see consolidation, with larger players acquiring smaller ones to gain scale and market share.
Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation
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1. Destination
- 1.1. Domestic
- 1.2. International
-
2. Speed Of Delivery
- 2.1. Express
- 2.2. Non-Express
-
3. Model
- 3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
-
4. Shipment Weight
- 4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
-
5. Mode Of Transport
- 5.1. Air
- 5.2. Road
- 5.3. Others
-
6. End User Industry
- 6.1. E-Commerce
- 6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 6.3. Healthcare
- 6.4. Manufacturing
- 6.5. Primary Industry
- 6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 6.7. Others
Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Indonesia
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Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Exhibitions and Conferences are driving the market; Sports Events are driving the market growth
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Lack of Skilled Labor
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 5.1.1. Domestic
- 5.1.2. International
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Speed Of Delivery
- 5.2.1. Express
- 5.2.2. Non-Express
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Model
- 5.3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 5.3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 5.3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Shipment Weight
- 5.4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 5.4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 5.4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Mode Of Transport
- 5.5.1. Air
- 5.5.2. Road
- 5.5.3. Others
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.6.1. E-Commerce
- 5.6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 5.6.3. Healthcare
- 5.6.4. Manufacturing
- 5.6.5. Primary Industry
- 5.6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 5.6.7. Others
- 5.7. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.7.1. Indonesia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 SAP Express
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 PT Synergy First Logistics
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 PT SiCepat Express Indonesia
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 DHL Group
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 J&T Express
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 Grab Holdings Limited
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 PT Lion Express
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) TBK
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 FedEx
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 PT Repex Wahana (RPX)
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 PT Citra Van Titipan Kilat
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 PT Globalindo Dua Satu Express (21 Express)
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 PT ID Express Logistik Indonesia
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.16 PT Jalur Nugraha Ekakurir (JNE Express)
- 6.2.16.1. Overview
- 6.2.16.2. Products
- 6.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.17 PT Yapindo Transportama (PCP Express)
- 6.2.17.1. Overview
- 6.2.17.2. Products
- 6.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.18 PT Pandu Siwi Group (Pandu Logistics)
- 6.2.18.1. Overview
- 6.2.18.2. Products
- 6.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.19 PT Kereta Api Indonesia
- 6.2.19.1. Overview
- 6.2.19.2. Products
- 6.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.20 Ninja Logistics
- 6.2.20.1. Overview
- 6.2.20.2. Products
- 6.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Destination 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Model 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Destination 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Model 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
Key companies in the market include PT Pos Indonesia (Persero), SAP Express, United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS, PT Synergy First Logistics, PT SiCepat Express Indonesia, DHL Group, J&T Express, Grab Holdings Limited, PT Lion Express, PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) TBK, FedEx, PT Repex Wahana (RPX), PT Citra Van Titipan Kilat, PT Globalindo Dua Satu Express (21 Express), PT ID Express Logistik Indonesia, PT Jalur Nugraha Ekakurir (JNE Express), PT Yapindo Transportama (PCP Express), PT Pandu Siwi Group (Pandu Logistics), PT Kereta Api Indonesia, Ninja Logistics.
3. What are the main segments of the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
The market segments include Destination, Speed Of Delivery, Model, Shipment Weight, Mode Of Transport, End User Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Exhibitions and Conferences are driving the market; Sports Events are driving the market growth.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Lack of Skilled Labor.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2023: SiCepat Ekspres joined the Droper agent partnership network (Drop Point Bersama), owned by PT Logitek Digital Nusantara (LDN). Through this collaboration, the SiCepat Ekspres drop-off service is now available at 7,775 Droper partnership network points.July 2023: In an effort to support the progress of online business and business as a whole, RPX has launched the RPX express delivery application (RPX Superapp). RPX launched this goods delivery application to create convenience for its customers and increase efficiency for business people in the process of sending their goods because various goods delivery services or logistics services are available in this application.March 2023: UPS entered a partnership with Google Cloud, where Google will help UPS by putting radio-frequency identification chips on packages to track them efficiently.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Indonesia Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence