Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives market, valued at $3.87 billion in 2025, is poised for robust growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Driven by increasing demand from key sectors like packaging, construction, and automotive, the market exhibits significant potential. The region's burgeoning infrastructure development, coupled with rising disposable incomes and a preference for convenient, high-performance adhesives, are key growth catalysts. Significant expansion in e-commerce and the packaging industry further fuels demand for efficient and reliable adhesive solutions. Furthermore, the automotive sector's ongoing shift towards lightweight vehicles and advanced manufacturing techniques necessitates the use of high-quality EVA adhesives, contributing to market expansion. Technological advancements in adhesive formulations, leading to enhanced performance characteristics such as improved bonding strength and water resistance, are also contributing to market growth.
The historical period (2019-2024) likely witnessed moderate growth, laying the groundwork for the accelerated expansion predicted for the forecast period. Competitive dynamics are expected to remain intense, with established players and emerging companies vying for market share through product innovation, strategic partnerships, and geographic expansion. While precise CAGR figures are not provided, given the market size of $3.87 billion in 2025 and the expected growth trajectory, a conservative estimate for the CAGR during the forecast period (2025-2033) would be between 5% and 7%, depending on macroeconomic factors and industry-specific trends. This projection reflects a combination of steady organic growth and potential from market penetration and innovation. The market's future success will hinge on the continued adoption of advanced adhesive technologies and the overall economic health of the key end-use industries within the Asia-Pacific region.

Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market, covering market dynamics, growth trends, regional dominance, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 as the base year and forecast period from 2025 to 2033. The market is segmented by country (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Rest of Asia-Pacific), end-user industry (Aerospace, Automotive, Building & Construction, Footwear & Leather, Healthcare, Packaging, Woodworking & Joinery, and Other End-user Industries), and technology (Hot Melt, Solvent-borne, and Water-borne). The report also considers the parent market of adhesives and the child market of EVA-based adhesives within the Asia-Pacific region, providing a granular view of the market dynamics. Market values are presented in million units.
Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Market Dynamics & Structure
The Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players like Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Dow, and H.B. Fuller Company holding significant market share. However, the presence of several regional players and emerging manufacturers indicates a dynamic competitive environment. Technological innovation, driven by the demand for sustainable and high-performance adhesives, is a major growth driver. Stringent environmental regulations are also influencing the adoption of eco-friendly EVA adhesives. The market is witnessing increasing M&A activity as larger players aim to expand their product portfolios and geographical reach. The substitution of traditional adhesives with EVA-based alternatives is further fueling market growth.
- Market Concentration: Moderate, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2024.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on sustainable, high-performance formulations driving growth.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent environmental regulations promoting eco-friendly options.
- Competitive Substitutes: Competition from other adhesive types, but EVA's versatility maintains its position.
- End-User Demographics: Growing urbanization and industrialization boosting demand across sectors.
- M&A Trends: Increased consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, with xx major deals observed between 2019-2024.
Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market experienced significant growth during the historical period (2019-2024), exhibiting a CAGR of xx%. This growth is primarily attributed to the rapid expansion of end-use industries, particularly building and construction, packaging, and automotive. The increasing adoption of advanced technologies like hot melt adhesives, offering faster processing times and enhanced efficiency, is also driving market expansion. Consumer preference for sustainable and eco-friendly products is further influencing the demand for water-borne EVA adhesives. Market penetration in emerging economies remains relatively low, presenting significant growth opportunities. Disruptions due to raw material price fluctuations and supply chain constraints are expected to moderate growth in the coming years.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market
China dominates the Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market, accounting for xx% of the total market value in 2024, driven by its robust construction, packaging, and automotive sectors. India is another rapidly growing market, fueled by its expanding manufacturing base and rising disposable incomes. The building and construction segment is the largest end-user industry, with xx% market share in 2024, while hot melt technology holds the largest market share in terms of application technology due to its speed and efficiency.
- Key Drivers in China: Robust industrial growth, government infrastructure investments, and a large manufacturing base.
- Key Drivers in India: Rapid urbanization, expanding industrial sector, and favorable government policies.
- Building & Construction Segment: High growth driven by infrastructural development across the region.
- Hot Melt Technology: Dominant due to its speed, efficiency, and ease of application.
Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Product Landscape
The Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market offers a wide range of products, including hot melt, solvent-borne, and water-borne adhesives, each tailored to specific end-use applications. Recent innovations focus on enhancing adhesive strength, durability, and sustainability, using bio-based materials and reducing VOC emissions. Products are differentiated by their bonding strength, viscosity, application methods, and environmental impact. Unique selling propositions include improved processing efficiency, enhanced bonding performance, and eco-friendly formulations.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market
Key Drivers: Rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, growing demand from diverse end-use sectors, and technological advancements in adhesive formulations. Government initiatives supporting sustainable manufacturing practices also play a crucial role.
Challenges: Fluctuations in raw material prices, supply chain disruptions, competition from alternative adhesive types, and stringent environmental regulations impacting manufacturing processes. The impact of these challenges could lead to a xx% decrease in market growth within the forecast period if not mitigated effectively.
Emerging Opportunities in Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market
Untapped markets in Southeast Asia, growing demand for eco-friendly adhesives, and the emergence of innovative applications in sectors like renewable energy and electronics present significant opportunities. Focus on customized solutions, high-performance formulations, and value-added services will be key to success in the evolving market landscape.
Growth Accelerators in the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs in adhesive formulations, strategic partnerships between adhesive manufacturers and end-use industries, and expansion into new geographical markets are crucial growth accelerators. Emphasis on sustainable and innovative solutions will further drive market expansion.
Key Players Shaping the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Market
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA
- OKONG Corp
- Paramelt B V
- Selic Corp Public Company Limited
- NANPAO RESINS CHEMICAL GROUP
- Arkema Group
- Dow
- H.B. Fuller Company
- Aica Kogyo Co Ltd
- CEMEDINE Co Ltd
Notable Milestones in Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Sector
- May 2021: Henkel announced a EUR 60 million investment in a new innovation center in Shanghai.
- June 2021: H.B. Fuller signed a distribution agreement with Jubilant Agri and Consumer Products in India.
- July 2021: H.B. Fuller announced a strategic agreement with Covestro for sustainable adhesives.
In-Depth Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Market Outlook
The Asia-Pacific EVA adhesives market is poised for robust growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by continuous industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancements. Strategic partnerships, product diversification, and a focus on sustainability will be key to capturing market share. The market is expected to reach xx million units by 2033, indicating significant potential for investors and industry players.
Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Segmentation
-
1. End User Industry
- 1.1. Aerospace
- 1.2. Automotive
- 1.3. Building and Construction
- 1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 1.5. Healthcare
- 1.6. Packaging
- 1.7. Woodworking and Joinery
- 1.8. Other End-user Industries
-
2. Technology
- 2.1. Hot Melt
- 2.2. Solvent-borne
- 2.3. Water-borne
Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of < 5.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growing Demand from Aerospace Industry; Rising Demand for Fuel Efficient and Light-weight Vehicles; Other Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Non-Degradable Nature of Reinforced Plastic; Other Restraints
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.1.1. Aerospace
- 5.1.2. Automotive
- 5.1.3. Building and Construction
- 5.1.4. Footwear and Leather
- 5.1.5. Healthcare
- 5.1.6. Packaging
- 5.1.7. Woodworking and Joinery
- 5.1.8. Other End-user Industries
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 5.2.1. Hot Melt
- 5.2.2. Solvent-borne
- 5.2.3. Water-borne
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 6. China Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Japan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. India Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. South Korea Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Taiwan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Australia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Henkel AG & Co KGaA
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 OKONG Corp
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Paramelt B V
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Selic Corp Public Company Limited
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 NANPAO RESINS CHEMICAL GROUP
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Arkema Group
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Dow
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 H B Fuller Company
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Aica Kogyo Co Ltd
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 CEMEDINE Co Ltd
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Henkel AG & Co KGaA
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: China Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: China Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Japan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Japan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: India Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: India Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South Korea Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South Korea Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Taiwan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Taiwan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Australia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Australia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Technology 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: China Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: China Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Japan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Japan Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: South Korea Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: South Korea Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: India Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: India Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Australia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Australia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: New Zealand Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: New Zealand Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Indonesia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Indonesia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Malaysia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Malaysia Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Singapore Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Singapore Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Thailand Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Thailand Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Vietnam Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Vietnam Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Philippines Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Philippines Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately < 5.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market?
Key companies in the market include Henkel AG & Co KGaA, OKONG Corp, Paramelt B V, Selic Corp Public Company Limited, NANPAO RESINS CHEMICAL GROUP, Arkema Group, Dow, H B Fuller Company, Aica Kogyo Co Ltd, CEMEDINE Co Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market?
The market segments include End User Industry, Technology.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 3870 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growing Demand from Aerospace Industry; Rising Demand for Fuel Efficient and Light-weight Vehicles; Other Drivers.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Non-Degradable Nature of Reinforced Plastic; Other Restraints.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
July 2021: H.B. Fuller announced a strategic agreement with Covestro to offer sustainable adhesives in the market.June 2021: H.B. Fuller signed a distribution agreement with Jubilant Agri and Consumer Products to promote its adhesive solutions in the woodworking segment in India.May 2021: Henkel announced an investment of EUR 60 million to construct a new innovation center for its Adhesive Technologies unit in Shanghai to strengthen its footprint in China.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Tons.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia-Pacific EVA Adhesives Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence