Key Insights
The South American Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a significant market size by 2033. Driven by the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable agricultural practices, along with a growing labor shortage in the region, the adoption of automation technologies is rapidly accelerating. Key segments, such as autonomous tractors and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for precision agriculture, are experiencing the most significant growth, particularly in crop production and animal husbandry applications. Brazil and Argentina, the largest agricultural economies in South America, are leading the market adoption, with investments focused on improving crop yields and optimizing livestock management. The market is further fueled by technological advancements, including improved sensor technologies, AI-powered decision-making systems, and the decreasing cost of robotic components. While initial investment costs remain a barrier to entry for some farmers, government initiatives promoting technological adoption and the increasing availability of financing options are helping to overcome this hurdle. The market's growth is, however, subject to certain restraints such as the need for robust internet infrastructure in rural areas, and the potential for regulatory hurdles surrounding the deployment of autonomous systems.
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Market Size (In Million)
Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the South American Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics market remains positive. Continued innovation, coupled with increasing awareness of the benefits of automation, is expected to drive market expansion beyond 2033. The emergence of specialized agricultural robots for niche applications, such as forest control and harvesting specific crops, will create further opportunities for market expansion. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established agricultural machinery manufacturers and emerging technology companies, resulting in continuous innovation and competitive pricing. This dynamic environment ensures that the South American market will see a sustained increase in the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies in the coming years.
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Company Market Share
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategists. Spanning the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025, this report meticulously examines market dynamics, growth trends, key players, and future opportunities within this rapidly evolving sector. The report segments the market by product type (Autonomous Tractors, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Milking Robots, Other Types) and application (Crop Production, Animal Husbandry, Forest Control, Other Applications), providing a granular understanding of market performance across various segments. The market is valued at xx Million Units in 2025 and is projected to reach xx Million Units by 2033, exhibiting a robust CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033).
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Dynamics & Structure
The South American agricultural robots and mechatronics market is characterized by moderate concentration, with a few dominant players and a growing number of smaller, specialized companies. Technological innovation, particularly in areas like AI and precision agriculture, is a key driver. Regulatory frameworks, while evolving, are still a factor impacting market growth, particularly concerning data privacy and safety regulations for autonomous machines. Competition from traditional agricultural machinery remains significant, though the adoption of robotics is gradually increasing. End-user demographics are shifting towards larger farms and corporations embracing technology for increased efficiency. The M&A activity has been moderate during the historical period (2019-2024) with approximately xx deals recorded, driven by the need to acquire specific technologies or expand market reach.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of xx in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Key drivers include advancements in AI, GPS, sensor technology, and robotics.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Varying regulations across South American countries impact market penetration.
- Competitive Product Substitutes: Traditional agricultural machinery and manual labor pose significant competition.
- End-User Demographics: Increasing adoption by large-scale farms and agricultural corporations.
- M&A Trends: Moderate M&A activity, with xx deals recorded from 2019-2024, primarily focused on technological acquisitions and market expansion.
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Growth Trends & Insights
The South American agricultural robots and mechatronics market has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by factors such as increasing labor costs, the need for improved efficiency and productivity, and growing adoption of precision farming techniques. Market size has grown from xx Million Units in 2019 to xx Million Units in 2024, demonstrating a substantial increase. The adoption rate is accelerating, particularly in regions with favorable infrastructure and government support for technological advancements. Technological disruptions, including the introduction of autonomous tractors and UAVs with advanced functionalities, are reshaping the market landscape. Consumer behavior is shifting towards the adoption of data-driven insights and automation to optimize farm operations. The market is expected to show a positive trend during the forecast period.
Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market
Brazil currently dominates the South American agricultural robots and mechatronics market, accounting for xx% of the total market share in 2025, driven by its large agricultural sector and progressive adoption of technology. Argentina and Colombia also represent significant markets. Within product types, Autonomous Tractors currently hold the largest market share (xx%), followed by UAVs (xx%), driven by their potential for yield optimization and resource management. In terms of applications, Crop Production accounts for the largest segment (xx%), while Animal Husbandry is also witnessing significant growth (xx%).
- Key Drivers (Brazil): Large-scale farming operations, government support for agricultural modernization, and availability of skilled labor.
- Key Drivers (Argentina & Colombia): Growing demand for efficiency improvements in agriculture, investment in agricultural technology, and increasing awareness of precision farming techniques.
- Market Share & Growth Potential (Autonomous Tractors): Large market share due to high adoption among large-scale farms for increased efficiency and labor reduction.
- Market Share & Growth Potential (UAVs): Significant growth driven by increasing demand for precision spraying and crop monitoring.
- Market Share & Growth Potential (Crop Production): Dominates the application segment due to the widespread use of robots in planting, harvesting, and other farming activities.
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Product Landscape
The market offers a diverse range of products, including autonomous tractors with advanced GPS and sensor systems, UAVs capable of high-resolution imagery and data analysis, and milking robots that improve efficiency and animal welfare. These products leverage cutting-edge technologies such as AI, machine learning, and computer vision to enhance operational efficiency, yield, and sustainability. Unique selling propositions include reduced labor costs, improved precision, data-driven decision-making, and minimized environmental impact.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market
Key Drivers: Increasing labor costs, demand for higher yields, growing adoption of precision agriculture techniques, and government initiatives promoting agricultural modernization. Technological advancements such as AI, improved sensor technologies and enhanced automation capabilities further drive market growth.
Key Challenges: High initial investment costs, lack of skilled labor for operation and maintenance, limited access to financing options, and inconsistent internet connectivity in rural areas. Regulatory hurdles and concerns over data security and privacy also pose challenges. The competitive landscape is highly dynamic, with both established players and new entrants constantly innovating and competing for market share.
Emerging Opportunities in South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market
Significant opportunities exist in expanding the adoption of agricultural robots in smaller farms and developing more affordable and accessible solutions. Innovative applications, such as robotic weeding and autonomous harvesting of specific crops, hold high potential. Evolving consumer preferences towards sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices present opportunities for eco-friendly robotic solutions. The integration of IoT and big data analytics to enhance decision-making and optimize farm management is another promising area.
Growth Accelerators in the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs in AI, robotics, and sensor technologies are driving market expansion. Strategic partnerships between agricultural technology companies and large farming operations are accelerating adoption. Market expansion strategies focusing on providing affordable solutions and training programs for farmers will be crucial for long-term growth. Government support in the form of subsidies and favorable regulations will further stimulate market expansion.
Key Players Shaping the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Market
- GEA Group
- Deere & Company
- Autonomous Tractor Corporation
- Trimble Inc
- CLAAS KGaA mbH
- Autonomous Solutions Inc
- CNH Industrial
- Harvest Automatio
- AGCO Corporation
Notable Milestones in South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Sector
- 2021-Q4: Deere & Company launches its autonomous tractor in Brazil.
- 2022-Q2: GEA Group introduces a new milking robot optimized for South American conditions.
- 2023-Q1: Government of Brazil announces funding program for agricultural robotics startups.
In-Depth South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Outlook
The South American agricultural robots and mechatronics market presents significant long-term growth potential. Continuous technological advancements, coupled with increasing demand for efficient and sustainable farming practices, will drive market expansion. Strategic investments in research and development, along with supportive government policies, will accelerate adoption. The market is poised for substantial growth, driven by an increasing number of technology adopters, advancements in precision agriculture, and the development of innovative solutions. The potential for regional expansion and strategic partnerships within the sector offers attractive investment opportunities.
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Segmentation
-
1. Product Type
- 1.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 1.3. Milking Robots
- 1.4. Other Types
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Crop Production
- 2.2. Animal Husbandry
- 2.3. Forest Control
- 2.4. Other Applications
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. Brazil
- 3.2. Argentina
- 3.3. Rest of South America
-
4. Product Type
- 4.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 4.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 4.3. Milking Robots
- 4.4. Other Types
-
5. Application
- 5.1. Crop Production
- 5.2. Animal Husbandry
- 5.3. Forest Control
- 5.4. Other Applications
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Brazil
- 2. Argentina
- 3. Rest of South America
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Regional Market Share
Geographic Coverage of South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market
South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 13.1% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand for Tomato; Adoption of Greenhouse Technology in Tomato Cultivation; Government support
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1 Increasing Loses due to Physiological Disorder
- 3.3.2 Pest and Disease; Unfavourable Climatic Condition
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growth of Precision farming Drives the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 5.1.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 5.1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 5.1.3. Milking Robots
- 5.1.4. Other Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Crop Production
- 5.2.2. Animal Husbandry
- 5.2.3. Forest Control
- 5.2.4. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. Brazil
- 5.3.2. Argentina
- 5.3.3. Rest of South America
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 5.4.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 5.4.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 5.4.3. Milking Robots
- 5.4.4. Other Types
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.5.1. Crop Production
- 5.5.2. Animal Husbandry
- 5.5.3. Forest Control
- 5.5.4. Other Applications
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.6.1. Brazil
- 5.6.2. Argentina
- 5.6.3. Rest of South America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6. Brazil South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6.1.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 6.1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 6.1.3. Milking Robots
- 6.1.4. Other Types
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Crop Production
- 6.2.2. Animal Husbandry
- 6.2.3. Forest Control
- 6.2.4. Other Applications
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. Brazil
- 6.3.2. Argentina
- 6.3.3. Rest of South America
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6.4.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 6.4.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 6.4.3. Milking Robots
- 6.4.4. Other Types
- 6.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.5.1. Crop Production
- 6.5.2. Animal Husbandry
- 6.5.3. Forest Control
- 6.5.4. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7. Argentina South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7.1.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 7.1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 7.1.3. Milking Robots
- 7.1.4. Other Types
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Crop Production
- 7.2.2. Animal Husbandry
- 7.2.3. Forest Control
- 7.2.4. Other Applications
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. Brazil
- 7.3.2. Argentina
- 7.3.3. Rest of South America
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7.4.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 7.4.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 7.4.3. Milking Robots
- 7.4.4. Other Types
- 7.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.5.1. Crop Production
- 7.5.2. Animal Husbandry
- 7.5.3. Forest Control
- 7.5.4. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8. Rest of South America South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8.1.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 8.1.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 8.1.3. Milking Robots
- 8.1.4. Other Types
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Crop Production
- 8.2.2. Animal Husbandry
- 8.2.3. Forest Control
- 8.2.4. Other Applications
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. Brazil
- 8.3.2. Argentina
- 8.3.3. Rest of South America
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8.4.1. Autonomous Tractors
- 8.4.2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 8.4.3. Milking Robots
- 8.4.4. Other Types
- 8.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.5.1. Crop Production
- 8.5.2. Animal Husbandry
- 8.5.3. Forest Control
- 8.5.4. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 9. Competitive Analysis
- 9.1. Market Share Analysis 2025
- 9.2. Company Profiles
- 9.2.1 GEA Group
- 9.2.1.1. Overview
- 9.2.1.2. Products
- 9.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.2 Deere & Company
- 9.2.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2.2. Products
- 9.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.3 Autonomous Tractor Corporation
- 9.2.3.1. Overview
- 9.2.3.2. Products
- 9.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.4 Trimble Inc
- 9.2.4.1. Overview
- 9.2.4.2. Products
- 9.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.5 CLAAS KGaA mbH
- 9.2.5.1. Overview
- 9.2.5.2. Products
- 9.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.6 Autonomous Solutions Inc
- 9.2.6.1. Overview
- 9.2.6.2. Products
- 9.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.7 CNH Industrial
- 9.2.7.1. Overview
- 9.2.7.2. Products
- 9.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.8 Harvest Automatio
- 9.2.8.1. Overview
- 9.2.8.2. Products
- 9.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.9 AGCO Corporation
- 9.2.9.1. Overview
- 9.2.9.2. Products
- 9.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.1 GEA Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue Breakdown (undefined, %) by Product 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Share (%) by Company 2025
List of Tables
- Table 1: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 13.1%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market?
Key companies in the market include GEA Group, Deere & Company, Autonomous Tractor Corporation, Trimble Inc, CLAAS KGaA mbH, Autonomous Solutions Inc, CNH Industrial, Harvest Automatio, AGCO Corporation.
3. What are the main segments of the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market?
The market segments include Product Type, Application, Geography, Product Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX N/A as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand for Tomato; Adoption of Greenhouse Technology in Tomato Cultivation; Government support.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growth of Precision farming Drives the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Increasing Loses due to Physiological Disorder. Pest and Disease; Unfavourable Climatic Condition.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in N/A.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the South America Agricultural Robots and Mechatronics Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence