Key Insights
The African plastic packaging market, valued at $14.82 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a burgeoning population, rising disposable incomes, and increased urbanization across the continent. This expansion is further fueled by the growing demand for packaged food and beverages, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Key segments within this market include rigid packaging (bottles, containers, etc.) and flexible packaging (films, pouches, etc.), each catering to diverse end-use industries. South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt represent the largest national markets, reflecting their advanced economies and significant consumer bases. However, substantial growth potential exists in rapidly developing nations like Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania, where rising consumption patterns and infrastructural improvements are creating fertile ground for market expansion. The market's growth trajectory is influenced by factors such as increasing investments in manufacturing capabilities, advancements in packaging technology (e.g., sustainable and recyclable materials), and evolving consumer preferences towards convenience and product preservation. Challenges include fluctuating raw material prices, environmental concerns related to plastic waste management, and the need for robust supply chain infrastructure across diverse geographic regions.
Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook remains positive. The market's projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.38% from 2025 to 2033 indicates consistent expansion. This growth will likely be unevenly distributed, with certain countries and segments experiencing faster growth than others. Companies such as Polyoak Packaging, Sonoco Products Company, and Amcor PLC are key players actively shaping the market's landscape through innovation, strategic partnerships, and expansion initiatives. Successful players will need to effectively navigate regulatory changes related to sustainable packaging, adapt to evolving consumer demands, and efficiently manage their supply chains to capitalize on the market's significant growth opportunities.

Africa Plastic Packaging Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Africa plastic packaging market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. We delve into market dynamics, growth trends, dominant segments, and key players, projecting market performance from 2025 to 2033. The report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024), with 2025 serving as the base year and estimated year. This report is essential for understanding the evolving landscape of plastic packaging across diverse African nations.
Africa Plastic Packaging Market Dynamics & Structure
The African plastic packaging market is characterized by a moderately fragmented landscape, with several key players competing alongside numerous smaller, regional firms. Market concentration is relatively low, with no single company commanding a dominant share. Technological innovation, while present, faces several barriers, including infrastructure limitations and access to advanced technology. Regulatory frameworks related to plastic waste management are increasingly stringent, influencing packaging material choices and driving adoption of eco-friendly alternatives. The market also witnesses significant competitive pressure from substitute materials like paper and biodegradable options. M&A activity is moderate, driven by expansion strategies and efforts to enhance market share.
- Market Concentration: Low to moderate. The top 5 players hold approximately xx% market share (estimated).
- Technological Innovation: Driven by demand for improved barrier properties, lightweighting, and sustainable materials. Barriers include limited R&D investment and infrastructure limitations.
- Regulatory Framework: Growing emphasis on plastic waste reduction and recycling is shaping market trends. Stringent regulations are influencing material selection.
- Competitive Substitutes: Paper-based and biodegradable packaging pose competitive challenges.
- End-User Demographics: Diverse end-user base across food & beverage, consumer goods, and industrial sectors drives growth.
- M&A Trends: Moderate level of M&A activity driven by expansion and consolidation. XX major deals observed during the study period.
Africa Plastic Packaging Market Growth Trends & Insights
The African plastic packaging market exhibits robust growth, fueled by a burgeoning population, rapid urbanization, and rising disposable incomes. Market expansion has been substantial, progressing from xx million units in 2019 to an estimated xx million units in 2025, showcasing a CAGR of xx% during this period. This surge is further propelled by escalating demand across key sectors: food and beverage, personal care, and healthcare. The market is experiencing a dynamic shift, driven by technological advancements such as the introduction of innovative materials (e.g., biodegradable plastics, recycled content) and sophisticated packaging technologies (e.g., smart packaging, modified atmosphere packaging). Consumer preferences are increasingly gravitating towards convenient, aesthetically appealing, and environmentally conscious packaging solutions. While market penetration is high in urban centers, significant untapped potential remains in rural areas. Future growth hinges on infrastructure development and strategic expansion into these underserved regions, alongside addressing challenges related to waste management and sustainability.
Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Africa Plastic Packaging Market
South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt remain dominant forces in the African plastic packaging market, collectively accounting for xx% of the total market value in 2025. These countries benefit from established industrial infrastructures, relatively higher purchasing power, and supportive regulatory frameworks. The rigid packaging segment commands the largest market share, driven by the robust demand for durable packaging solutions within the food and beverage industry. However, the flexible packaging segment is experiencing rapid growth, fueled by the increasing consumer preference for convenient and cost-effective options. This trend is further accelerated by the growth of e-commerce and the need for efficient and protective packaging for online deliveries.
- Key Drivers:
- South Africa: Developed infrastructure, established manufacturing base, strong consumer demand, and a relatively advanced recycling infrastructure compared to other African nations.
- Nigeria: Large and rapidly growing population, rapid urbanization, burgeoning FMCG sector, and increasing disposable incomes.
- Egypt: Expanding industrial base, strategic geographic location for regional trade, and government initiatives promoting industrial growth.
- Rigid Packaging: High demand from the food and beverage sector, industrial applications, and the need for robust protection during transportation.
- Flexible Packaging: Growing consumer preference for convenience, cost-effectiveness, and reduced storage space; suitable for a wide range of products.
- Dominance Factors: Established infrastructure, robust consumer demand, favorable regulatory environments (although this varies across countries), and access to raw materials play crucial roles. Significant growth potential exists in expanding into other promising markets such as Kenya, Morocco, and Ghana, which are witnessing increasing economic activity and consumer spending.
Africa Plastic Packaging Market Product Landscape
The product landscape is diverse, encompassing a wide range of rigid and flexible packaging solutions. Technological advancements include the incorporation of barrier materials for enhanced product protection, lightweight designs to reduce material costs and environmental impact, and sustainable options. Unique selling propositions include improved printability, enhanced shelf life, and tamper-evident features.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Africa Plastic Packaging Market
Key Drivers: Rising consumption, urbanization, growth of the FMCG sector, and increasing demand for packaged food & beverages are primary drivers. Government initiatives to promote local manufacturing and improved infrastructure also contribute positively.
Key Barriers and Challenges: High raw material costs, inadequate waste management infrastructure resulting in plastic pollution concerns, and the increasing popularity of alternative packaging materials pose challenges. Regulatory hurdles and fluctuating currency exchange rates also contribute to market uncertainty. For example, the xx% increase in polypropylene resin prices in 2022 impacted production costs significantly.
Emerging Opportunities in Africa Plastic Packaging Market
Significant opportunities abound in the largely untapped rural markets, the booming e-commerce sector demanding specialized packaging solutions, and the increasing adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly packaging materials. Innovation in packaging design, prioritizing convenience and aesthetics while incorporating sustainable elements, will be pivotal for future growth. Strategic partnerships with local producers are crucial for fostering sustainable practices, addressing supply chain challenges, and supporting local economic development. The focus on circular economy models, including enhanced recycling and waste management infrastructure, presents a key opportunity for market players.
Growth Accelerators in the Africa Plastic Packaging Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs, particularly in sustainable packaging materials (e.g., bioplastics, recycled content) and advanced recycling technologies, are pivotal growth catalysts. Strategic alliances between packaging companies and brands, focusing on optimizing product design and streamlining supply chain efficiency, will propel market expansion. Furthermore, substantial investments in improved infrastructure, particularly waste management systems and efficient logistics networks, are critical for long-term, sustainable growth of the market.
Key Players Shaping the Africa Plastic Packaging Market Market
- Polyoak Packaging
- Sonoco Products Company
- Plastipak Holdings Inc
- Nampak Ltd
- Foster International Packaging
- Tetra Pak SA
- Amcor PLC
- Mondi PLC
- LIQUIBOX (Sealed Air Corporation)
- Toppan Inc
- Mpact Pty Ltd
- Constantia Flexibles
- Huhtamaki Oyj
- Berry Astrapak (Berry Global Group Inc)
- ALPLA Group
Notable Milestones in Africa Plastic Packaging Market Sector
- April 2023: The establishment of a USD 110 million PET production factory in Ain Sokhna, Egypt, through a joint venture with India, significantly boosts PET resin supply, impacting the local market and potentially reducing reliance on imports.
- November 2022: Tempo Paper Pulp & Packaging Ltd's launch of a new BOPP film line in Nigeria expands the supply of high-quality flexible packaging films by 42,000 tons annually, directly addressing the growing demand in the region.
- [Add other recent significant milestones here, including mergers, acquisitions, new product launches, or policy changes impacting the market]
In-Depth Africa Plastic Packaging Market Market Outlook
The Africa plastic packaging market is poised for continued strong growth, driven by favorable demographic trends and increasing demand from various sectors. Strategic investments in infrastructure development, technological innovation, and sustainable packaging solutions will be crucial for maximizing market potential. The market presents significant opportunities for both established players and new entrants seeking to capitalize on the region's economic growth and rising consumer demand.
Africa Plastic Packaging Market Segmentation
-
1. Rigid Packaging
-
1.1. Material
- 1.1.1. Polyethylene (PE)
- 1.1.2. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- 1.1.3. Polypropylene (PP)
- 1.1.4. Polystyrene (PS) and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
- 1.1.5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- 1.1.6. Other Materials
-
1.2. End User
- 1.2.1. Food
- 1.2.2. Beverage
- 1.2.3. Healthcare and Pharmaceutical
- 1.2.4. Personal Care and Cosmetics
- 1.2.5. Other End Users
-
1.1. Material
-
2. Flexible Packaging
-
2.1. Material
- 2.1.1. Polyethylene (PE)
- 2.1.2. Bi-orientated Polypropylene (BOPP)
- 2.1.3. Cast Polypropylene (CPP)
- 2.1.4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- 2.1.5. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
- 2.1.6. Other Materials
-
2.2. End User
- 2.2.1. Food
- 2.2.2. Beverage
- 2.2.3. Personal Care and Cosmetics
- 2.2.4. Other End Users
-
2.1. Material
Africa Plastic Packaging Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Africa
- 1.1. Nigeria
- 1.2. South Africa
- 1.3. Egypt
- 1.4. Kenya
- 1.5. Ethiopia
- 1.6. Morocco
- 1.7. Ghana
- 1.8. Algeria
- 1.9. Tanzania
- 1.10. Ivory Coast

Africa Plastic Packaging Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.38% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rising Demand for Pet Bottles is Expected to Drive the Need for Rigid Packaging in the Region; Beverage Packaging is Expected to Gain Traction over the Coming Years
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. In-house packaging
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Food Industry to Hold Major Share in Both Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Markets
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rigid Packaging
- 5.1.1. Material
- 5.1.1.1. Polyethylene (PE)
- 5.1.1.2. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- 5.1.1.3. Polypropylene (PP)
- 5.1.1.4. Polystyrene (PS) and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
- 5.1.1.5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- 5.1.1.6. Other Materials
- 5.1.2. End User
- 5.1.2.1. Food
- 5.1.2.2. Beverage
- 5.1.2.3. Healthcare and Pharmaceutical
- 5.1.2.4. Personal Care and Cosmetics
- 5.1.2.5. Other End Users
- 5.1.1. Material
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Flexible Packaging
- 5.2.1. Material
- 5.2.1.1. Polyethylene (PE)
- 5.2.1.2. Bi-orientated Polypropylene (BOPP)
- 5.2.1.3. Cast Polypropylene (CPP)
- 5.2.1.4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- 5.2.1.5. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
- 5.2.1.6. Other Materials
- 5.2.2. End User
- 5.2.2.1. Food
- 5.2.2.2. Beverage
- 5.2.2.3. Personal Care and Cosmetics
- 5.2.2.4. Other End Users
- 5.2.1. Material
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Rigid Packaging
- 6. South Africa Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Sudan Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Uganda Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Tanzania Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Kenya Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Rest of Africa Africa Plastic Packaging Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Polyoak Packagin
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Sonoco Products Company
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Plastipak Holdings Inc
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Nampak Ltd
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 Foster International Packaging
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 Tetra Pak SA
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Amcor PLC
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 Mondi PLC
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 LIQUIBOX (Sealed Air Corporation)
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.10 Toppan Inc
- 12.2.10.1. Overview
- 12.2.10.2. Products
- 12.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.11 Mpact Pty Ltd
- 12.2.11.1. Overview
- 12.2.11.2. Products
- 12.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.12 Constantia Flexibles
- 12.2.12.1. Overview
- 12.2.12.2. Products
- 12.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.13 Huhtamaki Oyj
- 12.2.13.1. Overview
- 12.2.13.2. Products
- 12.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.14 Berry Astrapak (Berry Global Group Inc )
- 12.2.14.1. Overview
- 12.2.14.2. Products
- 12.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.15 ALPLA Group
- 12.2.15.1. Overview
- 12.2.15.2. Products
- 12.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Polyoak Packagin
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rigid Packaging 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Flexible Packaging 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: South Africa Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Sudan Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Uganda Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Tanzania Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Kenya Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Rest of Africa Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Rigid Packaging 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Flexible Packaging 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Nigeria Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: South Africa Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Egypt Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Kenya Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Ethiopia Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Morocco Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Ghana Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Algeria Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Tanzania Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Ivory Coast Africa Plastic Packaging Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Africa Plastic Packaging Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.38%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Africa Plastic Packaging Market?
Key companies in the market include Polyoak Packagin, Sonoco Products Company, Plastipak Holdings Inc, Nampak Ltd, Foster International Packaging, Tetra Pak SA, Amcor PLC, Mondi PLC, LIQUIBOX (Sealed Air Corporation), Toppan Inc, Mpact Pty Ltd, Constantia Flexibles, Huhtamaki Oyj, Berry Astrapak (Berry Global Group Inc ), ALPLA Group.
3. What are the main segments of the Africa Plastic Packaging Market?
The market segments include Rigid Packaging, Flexible Packaging .
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 14.82 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rising Demand for Pet Bottles is Expected to Drive the Need for Rigid Packaging in the Region; Beverage Packaging is Expected to Gain Traction over the Coming Years.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Food Industry to Hold Major Share in Both Rigid and Flexible Plastic Packaging Markets.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
In-house packaging.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
April 2023: Egypt and India laid the foundation stone for a USD 110 million PET production factory in Ain Sokhna, Suez governorate. A monthly output capacity of 30,000 tonnes is anticipated for the project. Construction is expected to be completed in two stages, the first of which will begin in the first half of 2024 and the second in the middle of 2025.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Africa Plastic Packaging Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Africa Plastic Packaging Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Africa Plastic Packaging Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Africa Plastic Packaging Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence