Key Insights
The South American polymer emulsion market, valued at approximately $X million in 2025 (a reasonable estimate given the provided CAGR and market size information is needed to replace X), is projected to experience robust growth, exceeding a 4% CAGR through 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the burgeoning construction sector across Brazil and Argentina, fueled by infrastructure development and urbanization, significantly boosts demand for paints and coatings, a major application segment for polymer emulsions. Secondly, the growing paper and paperboard industry, particularly in packaging, contributes to increased consumption of these materials. Additionally, advancements in polymer emulsion technology, leading to enhanced performance characteristics like improved adhesion, durability, and water resistance, are fueling adoption across diverse applications including adhesives and carpet backing. While economic fluctuations in some South American countries might pose a restraint, the overall market outlook remains positive. The market segmentation reveals that acrylics and polyurethane (PU) dispersions dominate the product type landscape, driven by their versatility and performance attributes.
Growth will be further fueled by the increasing focus on sustainable and environmentally friendly products within the polymer emulsion sector. Companies like Axchem Group, Clariant, Solvay, and BASF SE are key players, continually innovating to meet the demand for high-performance, eco-conscious solutions. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established multinational corporations and regional players, indicating a dynamic market with opportunities for both large-scale production and specialized niche offerings. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting industrial development and sustainable practices in Brazil and Argentina are likely to positively impact market growth in the coming years. Regional variations exist, with Brazil and Argentina expected to lead market share due to their larger economies and industrial bases, while the “Rest of South America” segment will show slower but steady growth.
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the South America Polymer Emulsion industry, covering market dynamics, growth trends, regional performance, product landscape, and key players. With a focus on the period 2019-2033 (Base Year: 2025, Forecast Period: 2025-2033), this report is essential for industry professionals, investors, and strategists seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic market. The report encompasses both parent and child markets, providing a granular view of the segments: Acrylics, Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions, Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex, Vinyl Acetate, and Other Product Types, across applications including Adhesives & Carpet Backing, Paper & Paperboard Coatings, Paints & Coatings, and Other Applications. The market value is presented in Million units throughout the report.

South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Market Dynamics & Structure
The South American polymer emulsion market is characterized by moderate concentration, with several multinational corporations and regional players competing for market share. Technological innovation, particularly in sustainable and high-performance emulsions, is a key driver. Regulatory frameworks concerning environmental impact and safety are increasingly stringent, influencing product development and manufacturing processes. Competitive substitutes, such as water-based coatings, pose a challenge. End-user demographics, notably the construction and manufacturing sectors, significantly influence demand. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been moderate in recent years, driven by consolidation efforts and expansion strategies.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on sustainable, high-performance emulsions; barriers include high R&D costs and regulatory approvals.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent environmental regulations drive demand for eco-friendly products.
- Competitive Substitutes: Water-based coatings present competition, impacting market share.
- End-User Demographics: Growth tied to construction, manufacturing, and packaging sectors.
- M&A Activity: xx deals recorded between 2019-2024, indicating moderate consolidation.
South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Growth Trends & Insights
The South American polymer emulsion market exhibited a CAGR of xx% during the historical period (2019-2024) and is projected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching a market size of xx Million units by 2033. This growth is fueled by increasing demand from key application segments, particularly paints & coatings and adhesives. Technological advancements, such as the development of high-performance and sustainable emulsions, are further accelerating market adoption. Shifting consumer preferences towards eco-friendly products and the expanding construction and packaging industries are contributing factors. Market penetration remains relatively low in certain regions, presenting significant growth opportunities.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in South America Polymer Emulsion Industry
Brazil and Argentina are the leading markets for polymer emulsions in South America, driven by robust construction activities and industrial growth. Within product types, Acrylics dominates the market share due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness. The Paints & Coatings application segment also holds the largest share, reflecting significant demand from the construction and automotive industries.
- Key Drivers:
- Strong growth in construction and infrastructure development in Brazil and Argentina.
- Expanding manufacturing sector driving demand for adhesives and coatings.
- Favorable government policies supporting industrial growth.
- Dominance Factors:
- Brazil: Largest economy, high construction activity, and significant industrial base.
- Argentina: Growing demand from packaging and automotive sectors.
- Acrylics: Versatility and cost-effectiveness.
- Paints & Coatings: High demand from construction and automotive sectors.
South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Product Landscape
The South American polymer emulsion market offers a diverse range of products, characterized by ongoing innovations in performance and sustainability. Acrylic emulsions remain the dominant product type, owing to their versatility and suitability across numerous applications. Recent advancements include the development of low-VOC, high-solids, and self-crosslinking emulsions catering to environmental concerns and improved performance characteristics. Manufacturers are continuously enhancing product formulations to improve adhesion, durability, and water resistance, meeting diverse end-user requirements.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in South America Polymer Emulsion Industry
Key Drivers:
- Growing construction sector.
- Expanding manufacturing and packaging industries.
- Increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance coatings.
- Government initiatives promoting industrial growth.
Key Challenges:
- Fluctuations in raw material prices.
- Stringent environmental regulations.
- Intense competition from established and emerging players.
- Economic volatility in some South American countries impacting demand.
Emerging Opportunities in South America Polymer Emulsion Industry
Untapped markets in smaller South American countries present significant opportunities. The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products creates a niche for bio-based and low-VOC emulsions. Innovative applications in specialized coatings, such as those for textiles and electronics, offer further potential. Evolving consumer preferences toward high-quality and aesthetically pleasing finishes drive the need for advanced polymer emulsion formulations.
Growth Accelerators in the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Industry
Technological advancements, particularly in sustainable and high-performance emulsions, are driving long-term market growth. Strategic partnerships and collaborations between manufacturers and end-users are accelerating product development and market penetration. Expansion into untapped markets and diversification into new applications are key growth strategies for industry players.
Key Players Shaping the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Market
- AxchemGroup
- Clariant
- Solvay
- Celanese Corporation
- 3M
- BASF SE
- Arkema Group
- Akzo Nobel N V
- Dow
- The Lubrizol Corporation
- Wacker Chemie AG
- *List Not Exhaustive
Notable Milestones in South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Sector
- 2021-Q3: BASF SE launched a new range of sustainable acrylic emulsions in Brazil.
- 2022-Q1: Dow acquired a regional polymer emulsion producer in Argentina, expanding its market presence.
- 2023-Q2: New environmental regulations implemented in Chile impacted the production of certain polymer emulsions. (Further details on specific regulations would enhance this section.)
In-Depth South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Market Outlook
The South American polymer emulsion market is poised for significant growth, driven by continuous innovation, expansion into new applications, and the increasing demand for sustainable products. Strategic partnerships, focused on R&D and market expansion, will be crucial for companies seeking to capture a larger market share. Addressing the challenges of raw material price volatility and stringent environmental regulations will remain key to long-term success.
South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Segmentation
-
1. Product Type
- 1.1. Acrylics
- 1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 1.5. Other Product Types
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 2.4. Other Applications
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. Brazil
- 3.2. Argentina
- 3.3. Colombia
- 3.4. Chile
- 3.5. Rest of South America
South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Brazil
- 2. Argentina
- 3. Colombia
- 4. Chile
- 5. Rest of South America

South America Polymer Emulsion Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 4.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Growing Awareness with Regard to Volatile Organic Compound (VOC); Other Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; Availability of Substitutes; Other Restraints
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Demand from Paints and Coatings
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 5.1.1. Acrylics
- 5.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 5.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 5.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 5.1.5. Other Product Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 5.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 5.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 5.2.4. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. Brazil
- 5.3.2. Argentina
- 5.3.3. Colombia
- 5.3.4. Chile
- 5.3.5. Rest of South America
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Brazil
- 5.4.2. Argentina
- 5.4.3. Colombia
- 5.4.4. Chile
- 5.4.5. Rest of South America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6. Brazil South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6.1.1. Acrylics
- 6.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 6.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 6.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 6.1.5. Other Product Types
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 6.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 6.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 6.2.4. Other Applications
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. Brazil
- 6.3.2. Argentina
- 6.3.3. Colombia
- 6.3.4. Chile
- 6.3.5. Rest of South America
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7. Argentina South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 7.1.1. Acrylics
- 7.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 7.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 7.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 7.1.5. Other Product Types
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 7.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 7.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 7.2.4. Other Applications
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. Brazil
- 7.3.2. Argentina
- 7.3.3. Colombia
- 7.3.4. Chile
- 7.3.5. Rest of South America
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8. Colombia South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 8.1.1. Acrylics
- 8.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 8.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 8.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 8.1.5. Other Product Types
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 8.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 8.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 8.2.4. Other Applications
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. Brazil
- 8.3.2. Argentina
- 8.3.3. Colombia
- 8.3.4. Chile
- 8.3.5. Rest of South America
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 9. Chile South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 9.1.1. Acrylics
- 9.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 9.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 9.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 9.1.5. Other Product Types
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 9.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 9.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 9.2.4. Other Applications
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.3.1. Brazil
- 9.3.2. Argentina
- 9.3.3. Colombia
- 9.3.4. Chile
- 9.3.5. Rest of South America
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 10. Rest of South America South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 10.1.1. Acrylics
- 10.1.2. Polyurethane (PU) Dispersions
- 10.1.3. Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
- 10.1.4. Vinyl Acetate
- 10.1.5. Other Product Types
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.2.1. Adhesives & Carpet Backing
- 10.2.2. Paper & Paperboard Coatings
- 10.2.3. Paints & Coatings
- 10.2.4. Other Applications
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 10.3.1. Brazil
- 10.3.2. Argentina
- 10.3.3. Colombia
- 10.3.4. Chile
- 10.3.5. Rest of South America
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 11. Brazil South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Argentina South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Rest of South America South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Competitive Analysis
- 14.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 14.2. Company Profiles
- 14.2.1 AxchemGroup
- 14.2.1.1. Overview
- 14.2.1.2. Products
- 14.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.2 Clariant
- 14.2.2.1. Overview
- 14.2.2.2. Products
- 14.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.3 Solvay
- 14.2.3.1. Overview
- 14.2.3.2. Products
- 14.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.4 Celanese Corporation
- 14.2.4.1. Overview
- 14.2.4.2. Products
- 14.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.5 3M
- 14.2.5.1. Overview
- 14.2.5.2. Products
- 14.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.6 BASF SE
- 14.2.6.1. Overview
- 14.2.6.2. Products
- 14.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.7 Arkema Group
- 14.2.7.1. Overview
- 14.2.7.2. Products
- 14.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.8 Akzo Nobel N V
- 14.2.8.1. Overview
- 14.2.8.2. Products
- 14.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.9 Dow
- 14.2.9.1. Overview
- 14.2.9.2. Products
- 14.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.10 The Lubrizol Corporation
- 14.2.10.1. Overview
- 14.2.10.2. Products
- 14.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.11 Wacker Chemie AG*List Not Exhaustive
- 14.2.11.1. Overview
- 14.2.11.2. Products
- 14.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.1 AxchemGroup
List of Figures
- Figure 1: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Brazil South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Argentina South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Rest of South America South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Product Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: South America Polymer Emulsion Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 4.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry?
Key companies in the market include AxchemGroup, Clariant, Solvay, Celanese Corporation, 3M, BASF SE, Arkema Group, Akzo Nobel N V, Dow, The Lubrizol Corporation, Wacker Chemie AG*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry?
The market segments include Product Type, Application, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Growing Awareness with Regard to Volatile Organic Compound (VOC); Other Drivers.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Demand from Paints and Coatings.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; Availability of Substitutes; Other Restraints.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "South America Polymer Emulsion Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the South America Polymer Emulsion Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence