Key Insights
The European consulting services market is poised for robust expansion, projected to reach a substantial USD 126.5 million in value by 2025, with a compelling Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.29% through 2033. This growth trajectory is fueled by a confluence of powerful market drivers, including the increasing demand for digital transformation initiatives across various industries, the imperative for businesses to navigate complex regulatory landscapes, and the growing need for strategic guidance in an increasingly volatile global economy. Companies are actively seeking expert advice to optimize their operations, enhance financial performance, and adapt to evolving technological advancements. The service type segmentation reveals a strong emphasis on Operations Consulting and Strategy Consulting, reflecting the core needs of businesses aiming for efficiency and competitive advantage. Furthermore, Technology Advisory is gaining significant traction as organizations grapple with the rapid pace of technological innovation and the necessity of robust cybersecurity measures.
Geographically, Europe stands as a pivotal region for consulting services, with key markets like the United Kingdom, Germany, and France leading the charge in service adoption. The market is characterized by the presence of major global players such as Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP, Boston Consulting Group, Ernst & Young Global Limited, and McKinsey & Company, all vying for market share through specialized offerings and extensive client networks. While growth is promising, potential restraints such as economic downturns, talent shortages within the consulting workforce, and budget constraints among smaller enterprises could temper the pace of expansion. Nevertheless, the overarching trend towards digital integration and the continuous pursuit of operational excellence are expected to sustain the market's upward momentum. The forecast period of 2025-2033 indicates a sustained period of growth, driven by ongoing business transformation and the persistent need for specialized expertise.
Europe Consulting Services Market Report: Unlocking Strategic Growth and Digital Transformation
This comprehensive report delves into the dynamic Europe consulting services market, offering an in-depth analysis of its structure, growth trajectory, dominant regions, and key players. With a focus on strategic consulting, operations consulting, and technology advisory, this study meticulously examines digital transformation consulting, management consulting, and financial advisory services. Leveraging high-traffic keywords such as "Europe business consulting," "management consulting Europe," "strategy consulting firms," "technology consulting Europe," and "financial advisory services," this report is designed to empower industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders with actionable insights for navigating this rapidly evolving landscape. The Europe consulting market size is projected to reach significant valuations, driven by increasing demand for specialized expertise and innovative solutions. This report covers the historical period (2019–2024), base year (2025), and a detailed forecast period (2025–2033), providing a robust outlook on market trends and future potential.
Europe Consulting Services Market Market Dynamics & Structure
The Europe consulting services market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a blend of global behemoths and specialized niche players vying for market share. Major consulting firms like Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP, Boston Consulting Group, Ernst & Young Global Limited, A T Kearney Inc, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, KPMG, Bain & Company Inc, McKinsey & Company, Accenture PL, and Booz Allen Hamilton Inc command a significant portion of the market. Technological innovation is a primary driver, with advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and data analytics fueling demand for digital transformation consulting and technology advisory services.
- Market Concentration: The top ten players hold a substantial market share, indicating a competitive yet consolidated landscape.
- Technological Innovation Drivers: AI/ML adoption, cloud migration, cybersecurity, and data analytics are critical innovation catalysts.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Evolving data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR) and industry-specific compliance requirements shape consulting strategies.
- Competitive Product Substitutes: In-house capabilities, off-the-shelf software solutions, and automation tools present indirect competition.
- End-User Demographics: A diverse client base, ranging from large multinational corporations to SMEs across various sectors, drives demand.
- M&A Trends: Strategic acquisitions and partnerships are observed as firms seek to expand service offerings and geographical reach. For instance, M&A deal volumes in the Europe management consulting sector are projected to grow by xx% annually.
Europe Consulting Services Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Europe consulting services market is poised for robust growth, driven by an escalating need for strategic guidance and operational efficiency across diverse industries. The market size evolution is marked by a consistent upward trend, fueled by digital transformation initiatives and the increasing complexity of global business environments. Adoption rates for specialized consulting services, particularly in technology advisory and digital transformation consulting, are accelerating as businesses strive to remain competitive. Technological disruptions, such as the widespread integration of AI and advanced analytics, are reshaping service delivery models and client expectations. Consumer behavior shifts, characterized by a demand for agile, data-driven, and sustainable solutions, further influence the trajectory of the consulting market.
The CAGR for the Europe consulting services market is estimated at xx% over the forecast period. Market penetration of advanced consulting solutions is deepening, with businesses increasingly viewing consulting not as a discretionary expense but as a strategic investment. The demand for strategy consulting remains strong as companies navigate geopolitical uncertainties and economic fluctuations. Operations consulting is gaining traction as organizations focus on optimizing supply chains, enhancing efficiency, and implementing lean methodologies. Furthermore, the burgeoning field of financial advisory services is experiencing significant expansion, driven by regulatory changes, M&A activities, and the need for robust financial planning and risk management. The increasing adoption of cloud computing, cybersecurity solutions, and data analytics platforms by enterprises is directly translating into a higher demand for specialized technology consulting Europe expertise. This trend is further amplified by the growing emphasis on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) principles, which necessitates specialized consulting to integrate sustainability into core business strategies. The overall market penetration for digital consulting services is projected to reach xx% by 2033.
Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Consulting Services Market
The Europe consulting services market is a multifaceted landscape where specific regions and service segments exert significant influence on overall market dynamics. Among the service types, Technology Advisory is emerging as a dominant force, driving substantial growth and innovation. This segment is characterized by its direct correlation with the rapid pace of digital transformation across all industries.
Dominant Segment: Technology Advisory
- Key Drivers:
- Digital Transformation Imperative: Businesses across Europe are heavily investing in digital transformation to enhance efficiency, improve customer experiences, and maintain competitive advantage. This includes cloud migration, AI integration, cybersecurity solutions, and data analytics.
- Rise of AI and Machine Learning: The increasing adoption of AI and ML technologies by European enterprises necessitates specialized consulting to strategize, implement, and optimize these solutions for business outcomes.
- Cybersecurity Concerns: With escalating cyber threats, organizations are seeking expert guidance to fortify their digital defenses, making cybersecurity consulting a high-demand area.
- Data Analytics and Big Data: The ability to leverage data for informed decision-making is crucial. Consulting firms are instrumental in helping clients develop robust data strategies and analytics capabilities.
- Cloud Computing Adoption: The ongoing shift to cloud-based infrastructure requires expert advisory for seamless migration, integration, and management.
- Dominance Factors:
- Market Share: Technology Advisory is estimated to hold approximately xx% of the overall Europe consulting services market share in 2025.
- Growth Potential: This segment is projected to grow at a CAGR of xx% from 2025 to 2033, outpacing other segments.
- Innovation Hubs: Countries like Germany, the UK, and France are leading in technology adoption, fostering a robust demand for technology consulting services.
- Cross-Industry Applicability: Technology Advisory services are relevant to virtually every industry, from finance and healthcare to manufacturing and retail.
- Key Drivers:
Leading Regions and Countries:
- Germany: As Europe's largest economy, Germany consistently leads in demand for consulting services, particularly in management consulting and operations consulting, driven by its strong industrial and manufacturing base and significant investments in digitalization.
- United Kingdom: The UK remains a pivotal market, with a strong ecosystem for financial advisory services and a burgeoning demand for strategy consulting driven by its status as a global financial hub and its focus on innovation.
- France: France exhibits substantial growth in technology advisory and digital transformation consulting, fueled by government initiatives and a robust startup scene.
The synergy between technological advancements and business needs positions Technology Advisory as the most influential segment, shaping the future of the Europe consulting services market.
Europe Consulting Services Market Product Landscape
The Europe consulting services market product landscape is characterized by a continuous evolution of service offerings designed to address complex business challenges. Innovations are centered around leveraging advanced technologies like AI, data analytics, and cloud computing to deliver tailored solutions. Unique selling propositions often lie in the depth of industry-specific expertise, proprietary methodologies, and the ability to integrate digital solutions seamlessly with traditional business strategies.
Technology Advisory services are at the forefront of innovation, focusing on areas such as AI-driven operational optimization, cybersecurity frameworks, and cloud migration strategies. Strategy Consulting firms are increasingly incorporating predictive analytics and scenario planning tools to guide clients through market volatility. Operations Consulting is witnessing advancements in supply chain resilience and sustainability integration. The performance metrics for these services are evaluated based on quantifiable business impact, such as cost savings, revenue growth, and improved customer satisfaction.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Europe Consulting Services Market
The Europe consulting services market is propelled by several key drivers.
- Key Drivers:
- Digital Transformation: The imperative for businesses to modernize operations, enhance customer experiences, and leverage data analytics is a primary growth engine.
- Increasing Complexity of Business Operations: Global economic uncertainties, evolving regulatory landscapes, and rapid technological advancements necessitate expert guidance.
- Demand for Specialized Expertise: Companies require specialized skills in areas like AI, cybersecurity, sustainability, and digital strategy, which consulting firms provide.
- Focus on Efficiency and Cost Optimization: Businesses are continuously seeking ways to streamline operations and improve profitability.
- Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): The active M&A landscape creates demand for due diligence, integration, and post-merger synergy realization consulting.
Conversely, the market faces significant barriers and challenges.
- Key Barriers & Challenges:
- Economic Slowdown and Uncertainty: Geopolitical instability and recessionary fears can lead to reduced corporate spending on consulting services.
- Talent Shortage: The demand for highly skilled consultants, especially in niche technology areas, outstrips supply, leading to recruitment challenges and increased labor costs.
- Client Resistance to Change: Implementing strategic recommendations often faces internal resistance within client organizations, hindering successful project outcomes.
- Intense Competition: The market is highly competitive, with numerous global and regional players vying for projects, leading to price pressures.
- Demonstrating ROI: Clearly articulating and proving the return on investment for consulting services can be challenging, impacting client perception and future engagement. Supply chain disruptions can also indirectly impact the consulting industry by affecting client project timelines and budgets.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Consulting Services Market
Emerging opportunities in the Europe consulting services market are predominantly driven by the accelerating adoption of cutting-edge technologies and a growing focus on sustainable business practices. The increasing demand for AI consulting and ML consulting presents a significant untapped market as businesses seek to integrate intelligent automation into their core operations for enhanced efficiency and predictive capabilities. Furthermore, the burgeoning field of sustainability consulting and ESG advisory is creating new avenues for growth, with companies globally prioritizing environmental and social responsibility.
- Untapped Markets: Smaller and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across various European countries are increasingly recognizing the value of external expertise to navigate digital transformation and enhance competitiveness.
- Innovative Applications: The application of AI in areas like customer service automation, personalized marketing, and supply chain optimization offers substantial growth potential.
- Evolving Consumer Preferences: The shift towards ethical consumerism and sustainable products is driving demand for consulting services that help companies develop and implement robust ESG strategies, thereby enhancing brand reputation and investor appeal.
Growth Accelerators in the Europe Consulting Services Market Industry
Several catalysts are accelerating long-term growth in the Europe consulting services market. Technological breakthroughs, particularly in AI, data analytics, and cloud computing, are continuously creating new service lines and enhancing existing ones. Strategic partnerships between consulting firms and technology providers, as exemplified by the BCG and Anthropic collaboration, are crucial for delivering integrated solutions and expanding market reach.
Market expansion strategies, including geographical diversification into emerging European economies and deeper penetration into specialized industry verticals, also play a significant role. The increasing recognition of consulting as a strategic imperative rather than a mere expense, coupled with a proactive approach to regulatory compliance and risk management, further solidifies the growth trajectory.
Key Players Shaping the Europe Consulting Services Market Market
- Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP
- Boston Consulting Group
- Ernst & Young Global Limited
- A T Kearney Inc
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
- KPMG
- Bain & Company Inc
- McKinsey & Company
- Accenture PL
- Booz Allen Hamilton Inc
Notable Milestones in Europe Consulting Services Market Sector
- October 2023: KPMG UK launched Advisory – a new business that combines its Consulting and Deal Advisory arms to create a new practice called Advisory. This can help the company gain a customer base and cater to a wider range of customers across the UK.
- September 2023: BCG partnered with Anthropic to launch an AI consulting initiative. Through the partnership, BCG will help inform its customers about the best ways to strategically apply AI and help them deploy the Anthropic models in a way conducive to delivering business results.
In-Depth Europe Consulting Services Market Market Outlook
The Europe consulting services market is set for sustained growth, propelled by an unyielding demand for digital transformation, strategic guidance, and operational excellence. Future market potential is largely anchored in the pervasive integration of advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, and big data analytics across all industry sectors. Strategic opportunities abound in niche areas like sustainability consulting and cybersecurity, as businesses increasingly prioritize ethical operations and robust digital defenses. The market's resilience will be further bolstered by the ongoing need for expert navigation of complex regulatory environments and economic volatilities, ensuring consulting firms remain indispensable partners for corporate success.
Europe Consulting Services Market Segmentation
-
1. Service Type
- 1.1. Operations Consulting
- 1.2. Strategy Consulting
- 1.3. Financial Advisory
- 1.4. Technology Advisory
- 1.5. Other Service Types
Europe Consulting Services Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Europe
- 1.1. United Kingdom
- 1.2. Germany
- 1.3. France
- 1.4. Italy
- 1.5. Spain
- 1.6. Netherlands
- 1.7. Belgium
- 1.8. Sweden
- 1.9. Norway
- 1.10. Poland
- 1.11. Denmark
Europe Consulting Services Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2019-2033 |
| Base Year | 2024 |
| Estimated Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
| Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.29% from 2019-2033 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Regulatory Changes; Growing Investment in Emerging Technologies
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Shift in the Consulting Marketplace
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Operations Consulting to Witness Major Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Service Type
- 5.1.1. Operations Consulting
- 5.1.2. Strategy Consulting
- 5.1.3. Financial Advisory
- 5.1.4. Technology Advisory
- 5.1.5. Other Service Types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Service Type
- 6. Germany Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. France Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Italy Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. United Kingdom Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Netherlands Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Sweden Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Consulting Services Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Boston Consulting Group
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Ernst & Young Global Limited
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 A T Kearney Inc
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 KPMG
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Bain & Company Inc
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 McKinsey & Company
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Accenture PL
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Booz Allen Hamilton Inc
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Consulting Services Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Service Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Germany Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: France Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Italy Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: United Kingdom Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Netherlands Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Sweden Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Rest of Europe Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Service Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: United Kingdom Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Germany Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: France Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Italy Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Spain Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Netherlands Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Belgium Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Sweden Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Norway Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Poland Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Denmark Europe Consulting Services Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Consulting Services Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.29%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Consulting Services Market?
Key companies in the market include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP, Boston Consulting Group, Ernst & Young Global Limited, A T Kearney Inc, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, KPMG, Bain & Company Inc, McKinsey & Company, Accenture PL, Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Consulting Services Market?
The market segments include Service Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 126.5 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Regulatory Changes; Growing Investment in Emerging Technologies.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Operations Consulting to Witness Major Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Shift in the Consulting Marketplace.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
October 2023 - KPMG UK launched Advisory – a new business that combines its Consulting and Deal Advisory arms to create a new practice called Advisory. This can help the company gain a customer base and cater to a wider range of customers across the UK.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Consulting Services Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Consulting Services Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Consulting Services Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Consulting Services Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence



